Responsibility Accounting and Transfer Pricing Math Problem

Responsibility Accounting and Transfer Pricing - Math Problem Example Required: a. Calculate depreciation expense and book value of the metal press under both historical cost and price-level-adjusted historical cost. For the historical cost, the metal fabrication press would depreciate $43,500 per year ($522,000/12). In terms of the book value of the metal fabrication press under historical cost, the net book value would be $217,500 ($522,000-($43,500*7)). In comparison, the price-level-adjusted historical cost would give a new cost of $621,180 (Increase of 19% on the original cost. If this is so, the new book value would amount to $316,680 ($621,180-$304,500). Because this value would depreciate over the remaining five years of its life, the depreciation expense would be$63,336 ($316,680/5). b. In general, what is the effect on ROA of changing valuation bases from historical cost to current values? Because assets are generally higher, the return on assets would be lower because a fraction always becomes less when the denominator is increased. This wou ld result in the managers having more motivation to change the equipment because the return on the equipment would not be as great. c. The manager of the investment center with the metal press is considering replacing it because it is becoming obsolete. Will the manager's incentives to replace the metal press change if the firm shifts from historical cost valuation to the proposed price-level-adjusted historical cost valuation? It would not be advisable to do this because the company would need to alter the value of its asset each year. This change would result in giving the actual return at that point of time. However, it would mean that an extra cost would be incurred to fulfil with the accounting standards of the government. This would be too complicated to carry out so it is best to not replace the metal press. Problem 5-15 "U.S Pump Systems" US Pumps is a multidivisional firm that manufactures and installs chemical piping and pump systems. Its valve division makes a single stan dardized valve. The valve division and installation division currently are involved in a transfer-pricing dispute. Last year, half of the valve division's output was sold to the installation division for $40 and the remaining half was sold to outsiders for $60. The existing transfer price of $40 per pump has been set through a negotiation process between the two divisions and with the involvement of senior management. The installation division has received a bid from an outside value manufacturer to supply it with an equivalent valve for $35 each. The manager of the valve division manager has argued that if it is forced to meet the external price of $35 it will lose money on internal sales. The operating data for the last year for the valve division follow: Valve Division Operating Statement-Last year To Installation Division To Outside Sales 20,000 @ $40 $800,000 20,000 @ $60 $1,200,000 Variable cost 20,000 @ $30 (600,000) (600,000) Allocated fixed cost (135,000) (135,000) Gross ma rgin $ 65,000 $465,000 Analyze the situation and recommend a course of action. What should the installation division managers do? What should the valve division managers do? What should the US Pumps senior manager do? From this situation, we can see that the installation division managers are able to achieve the necessary valve division output at a lower price. Also, the valve divisio

The Sea Around Us’ by Rachel Carson Essay Example for Free

The Sea Around Us’ by Rachel Carson Essay I have read excerpts from two texts. An informational text titled ‘The Sea Around Us’ by Rachel Carson, and a literature text titled ‘Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea’, by Jules Verne. In both excerpts there are many descriptions of the ocean. Many people debate whether details are described more vividly in informational text, or in literature. I feel the ocean was described more vividly in the excerpt from the literature text ‘Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea’. I believe the ocean is described more vividly in the excerpt from the story Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea because when I read it I feel like I’m there. The imagery is very strong and everything is described in such great detail. For example, when M. Aronnax was describing the coral kingdom in the ocean and said â€Å"I was tempted to gather their fresh petals, ornamented with delicate tentacles, some just blown, the others budding, while small fish, swimming swiftly, touched them slightly like flights of birds.† He described perfectly what the petals of the corals in the ocean looked like. He stated that some were blown and others weren’t. He also did this when explaining the effect the light of the lamps had on the ocean. He said â€Å"The light from our lamps produced sometimes magical effects, following the rough outlines of the natural arches, and pendants disposed like lusters, that were tipped with points of fire.† He even went as far as to describe the outlines of the natural arches of the coral. The excerpt from the informational text The Sea Around Us focuses more on getting their information across to the readers rather than imagery. This is emphasized when the author was describing how ocean life grew more and more complex. He described how aggregations of specialized cells arose from simple one celled creatures. When describing this he stated â€Å"From simple, one celled creatures, others that were aggregations of specialized cells arose, and then creatures with organs for feeding, digesting, breathing, reproducing.† The author described more what the creatures organs were for, but gave no imagery. I felt this gave the readers more information, but not as much details left for our imagination. Overall I felt Jules Verne used a more vivid description when describing the ocean then Rachel Carson. When the author described all of the coral in the ocean he used amazing imagery. I feel the author describes many details people would overlook when viewing  coral. I also feel the author made very good comparisons when describing the ocean and the things in it. For example when M. Aronnax said â€Å"†¦while small fish, swimming swiftly, touched them slightly like flights of birds.† I felt he described very well what the small fish swimming by them looked like. I felt his comparison of the small fish swimming to a flight of birds really helped to emphasize how the fish looked while swimming. He also did this when describing how much coral was in the ocean. He said â€Å"Coral is sold for twenty pounds per ounce and in this place the water beds would make the fortunes of a company of coral divers.† He used the face that coral is sold for twenty pounds for ounce to emphasize how much coral was in the sea. I also liked the comparison he made between the tips of the coral and the â€Å"points of fire†. I feel the author used very good comparisons to enable the readers to visualize and get a clearer picture of his descriptions of underneath the ocean. In the excerpt from the informational text The Sea Around Us I felt the author didn’t use very good comparisons when describing the ocean. When describing the mysterious borderline forms the author said they were â€Å"not quite plans, not quite animals† I felt the author did very poor in describing this. The description was way too general. Some may feel that Rachel Carson described the ocean more in her text The Sea Around Us. When describing the sponges growing on the bottom of the ocean. She said â€Å"Sponges grew on the rocky bottom of the sea’s edge and coral animals built their habitations in warm, clear waters.† She did describe the temperature of the water but it was a very broad description. She only described the ocean as being warm and clear. I feel she could have used more detail when describing it. She also could have described the bottom of the sea as more than just rocky. She could have described the outlines and arches of it as Jules Verne did when describing the coral. Jules Verne placed more work in using visual details to describe the ocean than Rachel Carson did. I understand some people may feel many different ways about the way each author described the ocean in their texts. However, the comparisons, visual details, and imagery Jules Verne used to describe the ocean on her text help give readers a clearer visualization of the ocean than Rachel Carson. Yes, Rachel Carson got information across to her readers, but she did not do such a great job when getting the image of the ocean across to the readers. It is  evident that Jules Verne did a better job a describing the ocean in Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea than Rachel Carson in The Sea Around Us.

Describing Biblical Parallels In Hawthornes rappaccinis Daughter :: essays research papers

Describing Biblical Parallels in Hawthorne's "Rappaccini's Daughter" In Hawthorne's â€Å"Rappaccini's Daughter,† many biblical parallels can be found. The story duplicates the chapter of genesis in the bible in many ways. Ranging from the characters, to the setting, and even the deadly plant in the story. The account of Adam and Eve in Genesis 1-3 is extremely similar to the situation of Giovanni and Beatrice in the story. In both â€Å"Rappaccini's Daughter† and the Genesis chapters in the bible, lush, beautiful gardens are the setting. Both gardens are exotic and pretty, but the garden of Eden is bright and tropical, while Dr. Rappaccini's garden is darker and mysterious. Both gardens are home to a type of â€Å"forbidden† plant, but the garden of Eden was created by a super-natural being, and Dr. Rappaccini's garden by Rappaccini himself. The forbidden plant in Genesis is a gorgeous, extremely tempting fruit plant. The fruit on this plant are described as extremely tempting. However, these fruits have been deemed prohibited by God. The plant in Rappaccini's garden is a large flowering bush. The flowers on this bush are unlike any others and extremely exquisite. The two plants share the trait of â€Å"forbidden,† but in different ways. The fruit on the tree in Genesis was forbidden simply because that was the way God made it. The plant in Rappaccini's garden was forbidden because it was poisonous. The only people immune to the poison of this plant were Beatrice and Dr. Rappaccini. In Hawthorne's story, a parallel between Giovanni and Adam is established. Both are young men, and each was tempted by a woman. Giovanni in Hawthorne's story was lured into the garden by Beatrice; however, Beatrice was attempting to make Giovanni immune to the poison of the plant, so they could be together forever. Beatrice and Eve also share similarities. They both are the ones that first fall to temptation and which ultimately leads to each of their demise. The serpent in â€Å"Rappaccini's Daughter† is clearly represented by Dr.

Presentation on DNA Vaccines Essay -- Powerpoint Presentation

Vaccines †¢ Vaccines are â€Å"one of the greatest achievements of modern medicine† †¢ In developed nations, vaccines have almost exterminated polio and smallpox and tightly controlled diseases like hepatitis A and B or typhus †¢ There are three generations of vaccinations †¢ First generation vaccines are either weakened or killed forms of whole organisms †¢ There is a problem with first-gen vaccines: the pathogens can still revert to dangerous forms and cause diseases in immunocompromised vaccine recipients. †¢ Second generation vaccines are specific protein antigens, which are safer, but cannot generate killer T cell responses DNA Vaccines †¢ Third generation of vaccines †¢ Consist of recombinant plasmids that have been transformed to produce one to two proteins form a pathogen †¢ This DNA is injected directly into somatic cells, where, through transcription and translation, the proteins are created. †¢ The proteins are recognized as foreign and processed by the cell and displayed on the cell surface by MHC markers †¢ Here, they raise helper T cell, cytotoxic T cell, and antibody immune responses. Current applications †¢ DNA vaccines have had limited success in clinical trials †¢ A veterinary DNA vaccines for use on horses to protect from West Nile virus has been approved †¢ In June 2006 and August 2007, positive results were announced for vaccines against bird flu and multiple sclerosis, respectively. †¢ The technique still needs to proven conclusively in human testing Use of Plasmid Vectors †¢ Highly active expression vectors elicit the best immune response †¢ Strong viral promoters, such as Rous Sarcoma virus (RSV) or cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoters are most commonly used †¢ The plasmids most commonly used als... ... Cited Continued †¢ Baker, Barbara, et. al. â€Å"The N gene of tobacco confers resistance to tobacco mosaic virus in transgenic tomato.†Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States93 (1996) 8776–8781. †¢ Feldstein, Paul. Personal interview. July 2008. Fig. 8 Images †¢ Fig. 1: http://www-tc.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/bioterror/images/germ_dna.jpg †¢ Fig 2: http://www.gen.cam.ac.uk/Images/summers/plasmids.jpg †¢ Fig 3:http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/kabernd/seminar/2002/method/gtwmeth/genegungtw.gif †¢ Fig 6:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Making_of_a_DNA_vaccine.jpg †¢ Fig. 4: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Antibody.svg †¢ Fig. 5: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Antigen_presentation.jpg †¢ Fig. 7: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/em_tmv.gif †¢ Fig 8: http://www.technologyreview.com/files/8829/DNAVaccineBG.jpg

Consumer and supplier relationships in Internet Essay

The Internet is one of the great inventions of human kind. Go along with the development of science and technology, Internet changed the face of the world. Especially, in business, Internet plays a vital role because it connects all factors to create the success of business. Internet links customers and suppliers into the stable and mutual benefit’s relationship. Firstly, Internet changes the relationship between customers and suppliers from indirect to direct. It helps to eliminate the â€Å"middle – man† to connect directly the customers and suppliers. In the past, there was only way to buy a product that customers went to the store, where they have contract with the suppliers to provide goods for them. Therefore, customers and suppliers never met together in the real meaning. This process increased a lot of costs. However, when Internet developed, customers and suppliers have opportunities to meet together. To buy the stuff, customers can order directly from suppliers through Internet. By this way, not only does the cost decrease, but also the price is more reasonable. The benefit of Internet created the formation and development of E-commerce and net marketplace. According to page 373 in the textbook, â€Å"online consumer sales grew to an estimated $362 billion in 2012, an increase of more than 15 percent over 2010 (including travel services and digital downloads), with 150 million people purchasing online and an additional 34 million shopping and gathering information but not purchasing† (Laudon, K., & Laudon, J., 2014). Secondly, once Internet developed, the relationship between customers and suppliers is push to improve to the partner relationship. Customer became the partner of supplier. The position of both customers and suppliers are equal. Customers don’t depend on the supplier; in contrast, they are more powerful in choosing their suitable suppliers. Thirdly, it increases the satisfaction and quality of customer service. Nowadays, purchasing and exchanging became easier than ever. To attract customers, suppliers have to take care of their customer’s demand and tend to satisfy it because customers have a lot of choices among a thousand of sellers. Customers can take advantage of price, quality as well as model of product. Thus, to make this relationship become a long term collaboration, besides the diversification of products, suppliers must focus on their service to  keep their customers closer. Reference: Laudon, K., & Laudon, J. (2014). Management Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm (13 Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.

Free Essays on Life Of Picasso

Pablo Picasso Pablo Picasso was born in Malaga in 1881. Pablo was the son of a respected art teacher, and due to his father’s influence, young Pablo entered the Academy at Barcelona at age 14. This was where he painted his first great work, â€Å"Girl with Bare Feet†. After two years of schooling, Picasso transferred for advanced tutelage. This did not hold Picasso’s interest, so instead he spent much of his time in cafes and in brothels. Three years later, Picasso won a gold medal for his work, â€Å"Customs of Aragon†. This work was displayed on exhibit in Picasso’s hometown. In 1901, Picasso set up a studio in the northern section of Paris known as Montmartre. Picasso had mastered traditional forms of art by now. However, the works of such artists as Toulouse-Lautrec, Degas, Vuillard, which can be noticed, affected him in his works at the time. â€Å"Longchamp† and â€Å"The Blue Room† are good examples of this change in Picasso’s style. Soon after this, Picasso began to develop his own methods. Illness struck Picasso in 1898 and he temporarily retired from the city and rested in the country. Upon his return, Picasso was distressed with modern art and proceeded to use mother’s maiden name. He then underwent a distressing part of his life for the next 4 years (1901-1904) and demonstrated the life of the poor. The next two years following those last four were rather bright and vigorous. Perhaps this was because he realized how his life differed so much from the poor on the streets. This was also a point in Picasso’s life when sculpture and black art intrigued him. His work, â€Å"Two Nudes† reflects this attitude. Cubism soon followed after this. Picasso began experimenting with the many facets of Cubism. Cubism was developed in stages: analytic, synthetic, hermetic, and rococo. These techniques were not only useful in painting but in collages as well. Picasso met Eva Marcelle Humbert, and fell in love with her bu... Free Essays on Life Of Picasso Free Essays on Life Of Picasso Pablo Picasso Pablo Picasso was born in Malaga in 1881. Pablo was the son of a respected art teacher, and due to his father’s influence, young Pablo entered the Academy at Barcelona at age 14. This was where he painted his first great work, â€Å"Girl with Bare Feet†. After two years of schooling, Picasso transferred for advanced tutelage. This did not hold Picasso’s interest, so instead he spent much of his time in cafes and in brothels. Three years later, Picasso won a gold medal for his work, â€Å"Customs of Aragon†. This work was displayed on exhibit in Picasso’s hometown. In 1901, Picasso set up a studio in the northern section of Paris known as Montmartre. Picasso had mastered traditional forms of art by now. However, the works of such artists as Toulouse-Lautrec, Degas, Vuillard, which can be noticed, affected him in his works at the time. â€Å"Longchamp† and â€Å"The Blue Room† are good examples of this change in Picasso’s style. Soon after this, Picasso began to develop his own methods. Illness struck Picasso in 1898 and he temporarily retired from the city and rested in the country. Upon his return, Picasso was distressed with modern art and proceeded to use mother’s maiden name. He then underwent a distressing part of his life for the next 4 years (1901-1904) and demonstrated the life of the poor. The next two years following those last four were rather bright and vigorous. Perhaps this was because he realized how his life differed so much from the poor on the streets. This was also a point in Picasso’s life when sculpture and black art intrigued him. His work, â€Å"Two Nudes† reflects this attitude. Cubism soon followed after this. Picasso began experimenting with the many facets of Cubism. Cubism was developed in stages: analytic, synthetic, hermetic, and rococo. These techniques were not only useful in painting but in collages as well. Picasso met Eva Marcelle Humbert, and fell in love with her bu...

Race and Ethnicity in Sociology

Race and Ethnicity in Sociology The sociology of race and ethnicity is a large and vibrant subfield within sociology in which researchers and theorists focus on the ways that social, political, and economic relations interact with race and ethnicity in a given society, region, or community. Topics and methods in this subfield are wide-ranging, and the development of the field dates back to the early 20th century. Introduction to the Subfield The sociology of race and ethnicity began to take shape in the late 19th century. The American sociologist W.E.B. Du Bois, who was the first African American to earn a Ph.D. at Harvard, is credited with pioneering the subfield within the United States with his famous and still widely taught books The Souls of Black Folk  and Black Reconstruction. However, the subfield today differs greatly from its early stages. When early American sociologists focused on race and ethnicity, du Bois excepted, they tended to focus on the concepts of integration, acculturation, and assimilation, in keeping with the view of the U.S. as a melting pot into which difference should be absorbed. Concerns during the early 20th century were for teaching those who differed visually, culturally, or linguistically from the white  Anglo-Saxon norms how to think, speak, and act in accordance with them. This approach to studying race and ethnicity framed those who were not white Anglo-Saxon as problems that needed to be solved  and was directed primarily by sociologists who were white men from middle to upper-class families. As more people of color and women became social scientists throughout the twentieth century, they created and developed theoretical perspectives that differed from the normative approach in sociology, and crafted research from different standpoints that shifted the analytic focus from particular populations to social relations and the social system. Today, sociologists within the subfield of race and ethnicity focus on areas including racial and ethnic identities, social relations and interactions within and across racial and ethnic lines, racial and ethnic stratification and segregation, culture and worldview and how these relate to race, and power and inequality relative to majority and minority statuses in society. But, before we learn more about this subfield, its important to have a clear understanding of how sociologists define race and ethnicity. How Sociologists Define Race and Ethnicity Most readers have an understanding of what race is and means in U.S. society. Race refers to how we categorize people by skin color and phenotype- certain physical facial features that are shared to a certain degree by a given group. Common racial categories that most people would recognize in the U.S. include Black, white, Asian, Latino, and American Indian. But the tricky bit is that there is absolutely no biological determinant of race. Instead, sociologists recognize that our idea of race and racial categories are social constructs that are unstable and shifting, and that can be seen to have changed over time in relation to historical and political events. We also recognize race as defined in large part by context. Black means something different in the U.S. versus Brazil versus India, for example, and this difference in meaning manifests in real differences in social experience. Ethnicity is likely a bit more difficult to explain for most people. Unlike race, which is primarily seen and understood on the basis of skin color and phenotype, ethnicity does not necessarily provide visual cues. Instead, it is based on a shared common culture, including elements like language, religion, art, music, and literature,  and norms, customs, practices, and history.  An ethnic group does not exist simply because of the common national or cultural origins of the group, however. They develop because of their unique historical and social experiences, which become the basis for the group’s ethnic identity. For example, prior to immigration to the U.S., Italians did not think of themselves as a distinct group with common interests and experiences. However, the process of immigration and the experiences they faced as a group in their new homeland, including  discrimination, created a new ethnic identity. Within a racial group, there can be several ethnic groups. For example, a white American might identify as part of a variety of ethnic groups including German American, Polish American, and Irish American, among others. Other examples of ethnic groups within the U.S. include and are not limited to Creole, Caribbean Americans, Mexican Americans, and  Arab Americans. Key Concepts and Theories of Race and Ethnicity Early American sociologist W.E.B. du Bois offered one of the most important and lasting theoretical contributions to the sociology of race and ethnicity when he presented the concept of double-consciousness in  The Souls of Black Folk. This concept refers to the way in which people of color in predominantly white societies and spaces and ethnic minorities have the experience of seeing themselves through their own eyes, but also of seeing themselves as other through the eyes of the white majority. This results in a conflicting and often distressing experience of the process of identity formation.Racial formation theory, developed by sociologists Howard Winant and Michael Omi, frames race as an unstable, ever-evolving social construct that is tied to historical and political events. They assert that differing racial projects that seek to define race and racial categories are engaged in constant competition to give the dominant meaning to race. Their theory illuminates how race has be en and continues to be a politically contested social construct, upon which is granted access to rights, resources, and power. The theory of systemic racism, developed by sociologist Joe Feagin, is an important and widely used theory of race and racism that has gained particular traction since the rise of the BlackLivesMatter movement. Feagins theory, rooted in historical documentation, asserts that racism was built into the very foundation of U.S. society and that it now exists within every aspect of society. Connecting economic wealth and impoverishment, politics and disenfranchisement, racism within institutions like schools and media, to racist assumptions and ideas, Feagins theory is a roadmap for understanding the origins of racism in the U.S., how it operates today, and what anti-racist activists can do to combat it.Initially articulated by legal scholar Kimberlà © Williams Crenshaw, the concept of intersectionality would become a cornerstone of the theory of sociologist Patricia Hill Collins, and an important theoretical concept of all sociological approaches to race and ethnicity within the academy today. The concept refers to the necessity of considering the different social categories and forces that race interacts with as people experience the world, including but not limited to gender, economic class, sexuality, culture, ethnicity, and ability. Research Topics Sociologists of race and ethnicity study just about anything one could imagine, but some core topics within the subfield include the following. How race and ethnicity shape the process of identity formation for individuals and communities, like for example the complicated process of creating a racial identity as a mixed-race person.How racism manifests in everyday life and shapes ones life trajectory. For example, how racial biases affect student-teacher interaction from elementary school to university and graduate school, and how skin color affects perceived intelligence.The relationship between race and the police and the criminal justice system, including how race and racism affect policing tactics and arrest rates, sentencing, incarceration rates, and life after parole. In 2014, many sociologists came together to create The Ferguson Syllabus, which is a reading list and teaching tool for understanding the long history and contemporary aspects of these issues.The long history and contemporary problem of residential segregation, and how this affects  everything from family wealth, economic well-being, education, access t o healthy food, and health. Since the 1980s,  whiteness has been an important topic of study within the sociology of race and ethnicity. Up until that point, it was largely neglected academically  because it was simply seen as the norm against which difference was measured. Thanks largely to scholar Peggy McIntosh, who helped people understand the concept of white privilege, what it means to be white, who can be considered white, and how whiteness fits within the social structure is a vibrant topic of study. The sociology of race and ethnicity is a vibrant subfield that hosts a wealth and diversity of research and theory. The  American Sociological Association  even has a webpage devoted to it. Updated  by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.

The use of sexuality and gender in advertisements a close up of US advertisements and their effects on adolescents

The use of sexuality and gender in advertisements a close up of US advertisements and their effects on adolescents Introduction The media fraternity has perfected the art of promoting products. Through this, some advertisements are premeditated to associate the goods and services with feelings of desire emanating from imaginations based on sexuality or gender.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The use of sexuality and gender in advertisements: a close up of US advertisements and their effects on adolescents specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is noteworthy that advertisers take advantage of the consumers’ gender distinctiveness to escalate the sale of certain products. It is notable that companies, which seek to acquire market leadership and competitiveness, conduct promotional activities. Therefore, the use of gender and sexuality is one of the strategies of creating adverts aimed at gaining market leadership. Gender is a socio – cultural construction in every society and advertisers have applied it in the p ortrayal of differences between males and females. These portrayals include among others identity, disposition, social ideals, typecasts of masculinity and womanliness, and the sexuality related roles (Spade and Catherine 281). Furthermore, advertisers apply sexuality differences between males and females to promote products. The advertisers normally attempt to show the sexuality of men or women in such products. They have also achieved greater results by showing the sexuality of celebrities in the promotional activities. In the United States, the application of sexuality and gender variances in product promotion is a multibillion-dollar industry. However, advertisers seem to have turned a deaf ear on the effects of gendered and sexualised adverts among adolescents. This paper discusses the use of sexuality and genders in commercials to show the effects of such adverts on adolescents in the US. Sexuality and Gender in Advertisements Advertisers have developed massive experience in c ommercials. Depending on whether their target clients’ in the marketplace are males or females, advertisers normally develop their adverts to suit them. It is notable that men and women have different preferences for colour (MacKinnon 215). Therefore, advertisers can package their commercials in such a way to target their potential clients with gendered and sexuality appropriate messages using colours. Labelling people as being either male or female present strong cultural and ideological connotations, which advertisers exploit in making appropriate adverts (MacKinnon 215). Marketers apply information-generated form these labels to influence the behaviour of men or women towards others. Furthermore, such information may be used to develop commercials that influence self-behaviour or needs. Therefore, the use of gender and sexuality in promotional activities influences men and women to buy advertised products. They buy such products to enhance their masculinity and femininity respectively (William, Stephen and Sut 138).Advertising Looking for research paper on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Advertising agencies continuously communicate gendered messages to escalate sales of products. The advertisers portray men as more independent than women. They also portray men as providers in households by depicting the as they engage in different occupations. On the other hand, some advertisers portray women as homemakers and home carers (Davis 187). Therefore, the men would more likely feature in alcohol commercials, sports utility cars, and corporate management among others. The women normally feature in commercials depicting the use of domestic items. The advertisers also depict the sexuality of men and women perversely. They have shown their nudity and naked bodies differently. The products such as women bras and underwear depict their sexuality (Greenberg, Clint, and Sarah 323). On the other hand, men’s underwear worn on athletic bodies and bare chest also shows their strength and brevity. The increasing self-consciousness among men presently makes them less concerned about appearing attractive to others but to enhance their fitness and health. Marketers use such aspirations to create necessities and wants while also developing products to satisfy the needs (Greenberg, Clint, and Sarah 323). In the case of women, advertisers have negatively taken advantage of their weaknesses including lack of autonomy to sway their decisions. Effects of Sexuality and Gender in Advertisements on Adolescents There is rising apprehension about adolescents’ exposure to sexuality and gender commercials in televisions, print media, and other electronic sources. The concerns entail the potential impacts such adverts can have on their personality, sexuality, beliefs, and manners (Gruber and Grube 214). Indeed, research indicates that the adverts generate sexuality and gender stereotypes, which affects adolescents (Napoli and Murgolo-Poore 61). The researchers agree that youngsters are exposed to diverse sensual images and messages advertisements intended for adults but which eventually affect adolescents. Advertisements showing men enjoying alcoholic drinks and the presence of women affect the way adolescents utilize such images. Youths use media to get information regarding sex, sexuality, drugs use, and relationships among others (Gruber and Grube 215).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The use of sexuality and gender in advertisements: a close up of US advertisements and their effects on adolescents specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The adolescents’ exposure to advertisements with sexual content potentially influences their sexuality development. This has escalated the rate of pregnancies and Sexually Transmitted Diseases among adolescent America girls. It is nota ble that many advertisements in the US both in print and electronic media contain sexual imagery watched by young people. The advertisements have increased the way they show sexual category appeals and sensual objectification (Pardun and Roberts 134). Presently, many of such adverts contain implied sexual interactions, fervent caressing and depicting provision of gifts in relationships as a norm. Young Americans who watch such adverts may develop interests of achieving similar outcomes (Bradshaw 129). Sexuality and gender-based commercials have influenced crucial issues about the lives of adolescents. The commercials may sway career planning, cherished relationships, romance choice making, and attitudes essential to child bearing and parenthood (Jamieson and Daniel 153). Furthermore, some adolescents making greater efforts to adhere to gender roles labels may develop mental health predicaments. The problems may arise from pressure among adolescents to fit within the societal norms a nd expectations. This may lead to substance intake, risky sexual encounters, and neglect of self-care responsibilities (Jamieson and Daniel 154). The advertisements have also affected the ideologies associated with teenage gender roles. Watching television commercials also influence sexism ideologies among teenagers. Sexuality and gender commercials have also influenced the actual behaviour of adolescents positively. It is notable that most adverts that portray males and females as liberated and confident have enhanced personality development among teenagers (Jamieson and Daniel 154). Indeed, some youngsters have developed into more confident, forward-looking, and morally upright because of watching individuals associated with certain products in the commercials (Jamieson and Daniel 154). Conclusion In summary, the use of sexuality and gender in promotional activities has made the advertising mass communication appear pervasive. The advertisements are intended to educate consumers a bout certain products in the marketplace in order to escalate sales. However, some commercials that contain explicit content have surpassed the intention escalating sales to influence cultural views and individuals’ personality development. The stereotypes associated with some advertisements have depicted men and women differently. Particularly, bigot and stereotypical commercials present undesirable outcomes among adolescents. The advertisements have encouraged sexuality and substance abuse indulgence in adolescents.Advertising Looking for research paper on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the positive side, the application of sexuality and gender to portray men and men as professionals in diverse sectors has affected adolescents objectively. Adolescents have been able to plan their career and develop their personality positively out of media influence. Bradshaw, Joe. African American Young Adults Perceptions of the Ideal Mate for Long-term Romantic Relationships and Short-term Sexual Relationships. New York, NY: ProQuest, 2008. Print. Davis, Simone. Living Up to the Ads: Gender Fictions of the 1920s. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2000. Print. Greenberg, Jerrold, Clint, Bruess, and Sarah, Conklin. Exploring the Dimensions of Human Sexuality. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett, 2011. Print. Gruber, Enid, and Grube, Joel. â€Å"Adolescent sexuality and the media a review of current knowledge and implications.† Western Journal of Medicine. 172(3) (2000): 210–214. Web. Jamieson, Patrick, and Daniel Romer. The Changing Portrayal of Adolescents in the Media since 1950. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. Print. MacKinnon, Kenneth. Representing Men: Maleness and Masculinity in the Media. London: Arnold, 2003. Print. Napoli, Julie, and Murgolo-Poore, Marie. â€Å"Female Gender Images in Adolescent Magazine Advertising.† Australasian Marketing Journal. 1(1) (2003): 60 – 69. Web. Pardun, Carol, and Roberts, Kathy. Sexual Content of Television Commercials Watched by Early Adolescents. 2005. Web. Spade, Joan, and Catherine, Valentine. The Kaleidoscope of Gender: Prisms, Patterns, and Possibilities. California, CA: Sage Publications, 2008. Print. William, Leiss, Stephen, Kline, and Sut, Jhally. Social Communication in Advertising: Persons, Products, and Images of Well-being. New York, NY: Routledge, 2003. Print.

Wolf v. Colorado & Terry v. Ohio Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Wolf v. Colorado & Terry v. Ohio - Case Study Example tate policing policies,sometimes declaring them unconstitutional while other times oddly using them as a definitive source in the scope of Federal protection (Schulhofer,2012). Fact.Thus the doctrine of incorporation is when a court selectively and extensively incorporates the Bill of Rights by its construction of the Due process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment,by so declaring that federal procedural safeguards applies to state’s criminal proceedings. Issue.In wolf,the Court applied the Fourth Amendment to the states,as opposed to the federal exclusionary rule in which case barring the government from using illegally seized evidence in its case in chief to prove guilt. The issues in this case involved incorporation of the Fourth Amendment and the lack of the need for a rule of exclusion. Reasoning.The decision of the Court in Wolf and Colorado in 1949 held that the Fourth Amendment applied to the states, and the exclusionary rule did not. By declaring that the Fourth Amendment applied to the states,relied on the incorporation standard articulated in Palko V. Connecticut,a standard likewise cited in the modern Court to decide whether the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment protects a newly asserted liberty (Schulhofer,2012). Case significance.The Wolf’s Court strongly defined the Fourth Amendment’s fundamentals as protecting a person’s â€Å"privacy against intrusion by police,† a basic right of free society.Unanimously it held that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment incorporated the Fourth Amendment. Brief Case Summary.The Petitioner,John W. Terry was stopped by a police officer after the officer observed that the petitioner was ‘ causing’ a store for potential robbery. The petitioner was approached by the officer for questioning and the officer decided to search him first.Acceptably according to the rule of law; a police officer may perform a search for weapons without a warrant,without a probable cause when the

Response to teacher- changes in attitudes towards sex Essay

Response to teacher- changes in attitudes towards sex - Essay Example As a result of the growing influence of media on the society, American family system has been affected in a variety of negative ways. The collective effect of changing attitudes toward sex has been of weakening the family as the building block of the society. American society is becoming increasingly approving of the gay rights. Unlike the past, when homosexual tendency was considered as an abnormal behavior, homosexuality is being increasingly approved of and is being given similar status to heterosexuality. A positive effect of these changing attitudes toward sex is that sex education today has become more of a need than a choice. More people can be educated on the risks of unhealthy sexual behaviors. A negative effect, however, is that more educated people advocate in favor of abortion associating it with women’s liberty and freedom, thus increasing the rate of abortions in the country (Aulette, 2010). Overall, circumstances have become conducive for increase in the premari tal sex amongst

Political Corruption in Bulgaria after 1989 Essay

Political Corruption in Bulgaria after 1989 - Essay Example Though showing some improvement in the recent years, Bulgaria holds the shame of being labeled as the corruption capital of Europe. It is the corruption at the political level that is most dangerous in the country. All political parties operate with an open funding system. Such a condition, with no obvious management, surely encourages corruption. However, some facts and figures will show the 'politics' behind Bulgaria's corruption. In an attempt to modernize the nation's economy, the communist government enforced different industrialization programs. Until democratizing reforms began in 1989, Bulgaria remained a communist country. The Bulgarian nationalism underwent a drastic change since its first multi party elections in 1990 (U.S.-Bulgarian Relations, 2008). But the transition from the communist rule to a free market economy was not easy. The introduction of Banking reforms, and program to privatize state-owned assets turned out to be challenging issues. Due to the fall of communism, the country lost all its Soviet market. The Bulgarian goods could not find a good market. It led to a substantial contraction of the financial system. The rising inflation and unemployment became major problems. To add oil to the fire, the Bulgarian government had to battle with the uncontrolled corruption at all levels of administration. In the last two decades, Bulgaria underwent complet... In the last two decades, Bulgaria underwent complete political transformation. It is imperative to say that the political transformation has contributed much to the restructuring of the nation's entire mechanisms. On the other hand, how effective those reorganizations, is a question of active debate. However, it could enjoy steady economic growth and macroeconomic stability, problems are too many. It struggles hard to come up as a democratic power. Unfortunately corruption has become a key word in any study of Bulgaria. The National Assembly, which is supposed to monitor all anti corruption mechanisms, proved to be ineffective. Corruption is among the five most important problems Bulgaria is facing today. Five most critical problems Bulgaria is facing Unemployment 58,40 % Low incomes 51,30 % Crime 45,40 % Corruption 38,50 % Poverty 31,60 % High prices 22,90 % Political instability 17,70 % Healthcare 11,50 % Pollution 3,60 % Education 2,70 % Ethnic problems 2,10 % The sum of percentages exceeds 100, as respondents have given up to three answers (Source: Five most critical problems Bulgaria is facing, http://www.online.bg/coalition2000/eng/ci-feb99/2.htm) This social evil happened to spread widely in various fields of Bulgarian public life. Corruption has developed as a key principle in many fields like administration and judiciary. Political party finance, public administration and judiciary are the most affected areas. The Bulgarian community has begun to understand the magnitude of corruption of ministers and senior officials. Due to corrupt bureaucracy, any official procedure has become a 'hard nut' for the common man. He has to pay a huge amount to the police, health

International business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International business - Essay Example It would be prudent to examine why world over free-trade agreements between the nations have got so much importance in last few decades. Suranovic (2010) describes following key reasons behind any international trade between the nations. Resource Differences Each country differs in availability of resources, especially natural resources such as mines, minerals, energy sources, water and crucial raw materials. This resource benefits put them into advantage over other countries to produce good. Technological Differences Technological differences put one country ahead of other because deploying better technology country can produce goods at lower cost using lower resources. Economies of Scale Economies of scale put one country into advantage over others because that helps reduce the cost of production. Those who fail to operate at the economies of scale will be at disadvantageous situation. It is obvious that global demand will rush toward the lowest production centers. Government Regul ations Tariffs imposed on the imported goods or subsidies provided to domestic producers can boost or bust the trade between the nations. ... That augurs well for the overall growth of the market. Inefficient domestic producers are the biggest sufferers who cannot stand due to their non competitiveness. Their inability to compete with the good from other countries could be for any reason; however, they opine that they should be protected if domestic workers’ jobs are to be saved (Suranovic, 2010, Ch.2). The Ricardian Model states that free trade raises production and consumption efficiencies. It also states that labor is mobile and economy achieves full employment soon; however, in the real world full employment cannot be achieved due to impending complexities of the market. Labor productivity changes when they move one from one market to another. In reality it does not remain a win-win situation for all. One group of workers who have a competitive advantage get benefitted in terms of real income but at the same time other groups of workers lose on real wages. That is to say, a free trade arranges redistribution of the income among participatory nations (Suranovic, 2010, Ch.2). US Free trade with Latin America, Central America and the Caribbean needs to be seen in the above perspectives. US entered into a free trade agreement with the five countries of the Central American namely Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Dominican Republic. The agreement is known as CA-DR FTA. The textile and clothing sector is the most vibrant nontraditional and industrial export sector of the Central America which is responsible for most of the foreign exchange earnings. Thus, the biggest impact that the US industries may experience will be in textiles, apparel and leather sectors (Jensen et al., 2007 p.1). Butcher and Stamps (2004) state that the economic benefits to the US economy are mixed in

War is Kind - Stephen Crane Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

War is Kind - Stephen Crane - Essay Example War is Kind - Stephen Crane Corroborating this, the poet writes: â€Å"Great is the battle-god, great, and his kingdom-- A field where a thousand corpses lie†. This is the unending story of wars. The tone of the poem is sarcastic but it is not sarcasm alone but mixed with helplessness of the situation created by war. Apart from the material destruction caused by war which can be replenished, what can never be recouped are the loss of precious lives and the soldier leaves the memories of what has been and what never more will be for his immediate family members, acquaintances and the society at large. As such when the poet mentions that â€Å"war is kind† one must understand the hidden meaning of cruel kindness ingrained in the process of war. One death in the family is like the introduction of the muffled drum in the melodious symphony of an orchestra. The poet reveals this situation by introducing an element of sarcasm specifically in the lines fourteen through sixteen: â€Å"Raged at his breast, gulped and died, Do not weep. War is kind†. When two unrelated words or having contradictory connotations are employed together in structure, but they give a dissimilar meaning, it is a case of oxymoron. Some of the examples in this poem are: â€Å"virtue of slaughter†, â€Å"excellence of killing†, â€Å"splendid shroud†, â€Å"drill and die† and â€Å"blazing flag†. In this poem the poet has made the judicious use of oxymoron and the contrast is effective and likeable and the words the poet has placed together generate vivid meanings.

International business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International business - Essay Example It would be prudent to examine why world over free-trade agreements between the nations have got so much importance in last few decades. Suranovic (2010) describes following key reasons behind any international trade between the nations. Resource Differences Each country differs in availability of resources, especially natural resources such as mines, minerals, energy sources, water and crucial raw materials. This resource benefits put them into advantage over other countries to produce good. Technological Differences Technological differences put one country ahead of other because deploying better technology country can produce goods at lower cost using lower resources. Economies of Scale Economies of scale put one country into advantage over others because that helps reduce the cost of production. Those who fail to operate at the economies of scale will be at disadvantageous situation. It is obvious that global demand will rush toward the lowest production centers. Government Regul ations Tariffs imposed on the imported goods or subsidies provided to domestic producers can boost or bust the trade between the nations. ... That augurs well for the overall growth of the market. Inefficient domestic producers are the biggest sufferers who cannot stand due to their non competitiveness. Their inability to compete with the good from other countries could be for any reason; however, they opine that they should be protected if domestic workers’ jobs are to be saved (Suranovic, 2010, Ch.2). The Ricardian Model states that free trade raises production and consumption efficiencies. It also states that labor is mobile and economy achieves full employment soon; however, in the real world full employment cannot be achieved due to impending complexities of the market. Labor productivity changes when they move one from one market to another. In reality it does not remain a win-win situation for all. One group of workers who have a competitive advantage get benefitted in terms of real income but at the same time other groups of workers lose on real wages. That is to say, a free trade arranges redistribution of the income among participatory nations (Suranovic, 2010, Ch.2). US Free trade with Latin America, Central America and the Caribbean needs to be seen in the above perspectives. US entered into a free trade agreement with the five countries of the Central American namely Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Dominican Republic. The agreement is known as CA-DR FTA. The textile and clothing sector is the most vibrant nontraditional and industrial export sector of the Central America which is responsible for most of the foreign exchange earnings. Thus, the biggest impact that the US industries may experience will be in textiles, apparel and leather sectors (Jensen et al., 2007 p.1). Butcher and Stamps (2004) state that the economic benefits to the US economy are mixed in

Short and long term returns on overseas market Essay

Short and long term returns on overseas market - Essay Example Many firms, like large oil or chemical companies, operate in industries with large economies of scale and their operations spill across national boundaries simply to be competitive. Cost considerations (e.g. transport) are important in choosing whether to increase exports or invest overseas. Equally tariff barriers to trade can encourage direct investment, but non-tariff barriers are also important. Many services are not exportable in any direct sense and have to be delivered in the overseas market through direct investment. They need to respond to the changing demand considerations of overseas markets - especially where product specifications are different from the home market. This may make it sensible to locate closer to the main centres of demand, to enable easier adaptation without disruption to production in the domestic market. Other disincentives to direct trade could be that competition takes place on grounds other than price and quality of output. For example, competition in some product markets may be mainly in terms of after sales service. Most direct investment, as with trade, occurs between similar industrial countries. direct investments will take place without displacing trade. They may even encourage greater trade flows, because intermediate inputs of production will need to be exported to support the overseas plants. In this instance, as in some others, direct investment is complementary to trade. On other occasions, it may substitute for it. Another explanation for overseas investment with parallels in trade theory is a version of the "product cycle" theory. Here production initially begins in the domestic country where the product was developed, with good access to the skilled designers and technicians responsible for "inventing" the product. As the product matures, these inputs become less important and production shifts to a country with a cost advantage in the production of the now standard good. Production overseas is cheaper and goods are exported back into the domestic economy. A further explanation for firms' investment in a foreign market rather than exporting goods to it is that there are external benefits (or spillovers) from overseas investment. These are most likely to stem from location in markets which set trends in demand, or are the "centers of excellence" in terms of production techniques, design, marketing or organization. Why overseas investment The prime motivation for investment in the international market must be that the stream of earnings is expected to exceed that which could be earned in the domestic markets. This could often be attributed to lower production costs in other countries. This investment will ultimately benefit the economy as a whole. The stream of income from overseas investments changes the composition of the current account of the balance of payments. Most directly, it does so by increasing the economy's earnings from abroad. But it may also indirectly promote a net trade improvement. Portfolio Investment In portfolio investment, there is no attempt by portfolio investors to actively control the management of a firm, rather it aims to seek out

Franklin Denalo Roosevelt’s new deal program Essay Example for Free

Franklin Denalo Roosevelt’s new deal program Essay The prosperity and harmony which was prevailing in the United States of America during the 1920s came to an abrupt halt with the stock market crash in 1929. This was pursued by the Great depression. The great depression rendered people unemployed and endangered their jobs, investments, assets, farms, houses and other belongings. During 1930’s America suffered from the greatest economic depression of the history. It was unique in its sternness and the consequences. It shook the establishment of the western capitalism and prevailed through the 1930s. When the depression was at its peak one worker in four daily lost his job. On October 24, 1929 a day came known as â€Å"black Thursday†. On this fateful day the stock market crashed and so did the economy. Unemployment increased on a rapid pace and millions of Americans became jobless and were out of money. The nation surrendered to one of the fiercest events of the history. Franklin Roosevelt was the governor of New York at that time and was well aware of the situation and the need to take some major steps about it. He won the elections and assumed presidency. And soon after taking charge he spoke about the New Deal. Which he said could be a new and better start towards the improvement of America’s economy. He claimed that the New Deal program would solve all the problems and would successfully guide America during those dark times and would put a stop to the great Depression prevailing at that time. The new deal was considered a ray of hope during those dark and difficult times. Although the economic set back continued through the 1930s, the new deal lessened its impact to a great extent. ‘The new deal’ was a program launched by the US president Franklin Roosevelt from 1933 to 1939 of liberation, revival and restructuring. The new deal program’s main objective was to solve the ever rising economic problems of the United States of America during the great depression. The new deal aimed at motivating industrial recovery, help the people affected by the great depression, and take steps to avoid future economic crisis. Low employment rate, increasing unemployment, and the actuality that 20% of the schools going children were underweight and ill asked for desperate and prompt action. Franklin Roosevelt said Firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is fear itselfnameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror. (1) This statement might have seemed quite ridiculous at that time. But there is a lot more to this saying of Roosevelt. He meant that as long as the whole nation would remain paralyzed by fear and not take any steps to help themselves, their condition won’t be improved. The country needs and, unless I mistake its temper, demands bold persistent experimentation. It is common sense to take a method and try it. If it fails, admit it freely and try another. But above all else, try something! † (2) By this Roosevelt wanted to forge the message of action into his nation’s mind. He wanted to tell everyone that until and unless people wont work at improving their own condition and won’t make efforts for their own development they would never succeed. Many Americans looked up to Roosevelt and had great faith and confidence in him. They believed that Roosevelt could guide them during those times of despair and could help them in curbing the misery and pain they were in. Mr. Greifer, a spring valley, New York farmer wrote a letter to Roosevelt; which shows how highly some people thought about him.

Anthropology Concepts Derived from Functionalism and Culture

Anthropology Concepts Derived from Functionalism and Culture Malinowski: His approach to anthropology was based on functionalism and culture. Functionalism ascribes meaning, function, and purpose to the elements within a whole. Culture defines that whole, and it constitutes the entity in which the various functional elements act and are interdependent. Malinowskis understanding of functionalism was in large part derived from a system of balanced reciprocity that he observed while conducting fieldwork. This system is known as the Kula Ring and involves annual inter-island visits between trading partners who exchange highly valued shell ornaments. The goods used in Kula exchanges consist of two types: necklaces (soulava) and armbands (mwali). Neither trade item is particularly well made or crafted of rare materials. He inferred that the principal motivation for the enormous expenditure of time and effort involved in Kula expeditions to be non-utilitarian. In the system, each participant is linked to two partners. One partner trades a necklace in return for an armband of equivalent value. The other makes a reverse exchange of an armband for a necklace. While each Kula partner is tied to only two other partners, each contact has an additional connection on either end of the distribution chain. This eventually forms the Kula Ring and this links more than a dozen islands over hundreds of miles of ocean. Malinowski reasoned that the expense and preoccupation with Kula trade must be functional in nature and most likely served to solve fundamental spatial problems in the Islanders lives. He argued that Kula Ring served three functions in Trobriand society. First, it serves to establish friendly relations among the inhabitants of different islands and maintain a pattern of peaceful contact and communication over great distances with trading partners who might or might not speak the same language. It provides the occasion for the inter-island exchange of utilitarian items. These utilitarian items are shipped back and forth in the course of Kula expeditions. Finally, they reinforce status, since the hereditary chiefs own the most important shell valuables and it is their responsibility for directing ocean voyages. Sahlin Second, symbolic objects and gifts have long been recognized as a form of interartion that can create meaning for group memebers, especially in terms of fostering connection among group memebers or between groups. Polanyi (1944) and Sahlin (1972) showed how, until very recently in human history, was not about gaining profit but about forging and maintaining group solidarity. Marcel mauss: To give, to accept, and to reciprocate. Door Janet T. Landa Malinowski rejected the notion that Kula gift exchanges were motivated by economic considerations. Rather, Malinowksi emphasized that the motives were social and psychological. Thus began a long debate among anthropologists attempting to to unravel the puizzle of the Kula ring. As a result of subsequent work by anthropologists, a view began to crystallize that the instrumental function of the Kula Ring was the creation op political order via the creation of networks of alliances among stateless societeies so as to facilitate commercial trade. This view, implicitly or explicitly, attributed an underlying economic function to Kula gift exchanges and did much to explain a major puzzle of the Kula ring. The anthropological viewpoint – that the Kula gift exchange system creates primitive laws and order in a stateless societies – is consistent with modern PR PC theory, which emphasizeds the importance of institustions in facilitating exchange. Richard Posner (1980) in his ins ightful paper on the economic functions of institutions of primitive societeies, explains the Kula ringa as an institution that facilitated trade. Quoting Belshaw (1965), Posner says: â€Å" The Kula itself wsa not oriented to mindividual trade in ints ceremonial activities. But alonghside the kula persons visiting theru partners took advantage of the oppurtunities to engage in trade. Malinoswki makes point that kula partners would exchange gifts of a trade character in addition to vaygu ‘s (the ornamental objects exchanged in the kula ring), and the szecurity afforded by the partenership would make it possible for the visitor to make contact with other persons in the village and trade with them. An explanation of the Kula ring in terms of its role in facilitating trade, while explaining the major puzzle of the kula ring, leaves unanswered tow other major puzzles of the kula ring – not explained by anthropologist or anyone else. The two puzzled, which this paper will attempt to explain, are 1. Why is the Kula trade organized in the form of a ring of connected partners? and 2. why in the kula ring are there two different ceremonial goods circulating in opposite directions perceptually around the ring? In this chapter we on PR-PC theory of the economics od signaling to develop a theory of the Kula ring that will unravel the Kula puzzles. Fundamental to our theory of the Kula ring is the assumption that transaction costs are positive. The emphasis on the importance of the foundations of modern PR-PC theory and modern monetary theory. Recdently, the insoight that â€Å"institutions matter† in a world with positive transactin costst has been extended to explain certain institutions of primitive societies. The theory of the kula ring presented in this chapter is consisten with the transaction costst approach to intitutions in emphasizing that the kula ring is an institutional arrangement that emerged primarily in orde to economize on transaction costs of intertribal commercial exchange in stateless societies. WAY OF GIVE AND TAKE IN KULA A visiting Kula partner arrives with a â€Å"solicitary gift† (e.g. food) and is given an â€Å"opening gift†, say a necklace, from his host Kula partner, the must be reciprocated woth a counter-gift, an armshell, of equivalent value at a future date. It should be noted that no kula valuables are carried on overseas kula expeditions; the visiting kula partner visits his host partner in order to receive gifts and not to give them. Between any two kula partners, the is an institutionalized delayed reciprocity, involving two opposite kinds of objects. But at the same time, each of these two objects must be passed on in one direction only so that a chain of unidirectional trading kula partners is built up in the kula ring. The global structure of the kula exchange is one that is characterized by cyclical, indirect reciprocation between connected pairs of partners (levi-strauss 1969). Furthermore, a time limit is also prescribed for a recipient of a gift to pass it on to one of his partners: A man who is in the kula, never keeps any article for longer thas, say, a year or tweo. Even this exposes him to the reproach of being â€Å"niggardly† and certain districts have the bad reputationj of being â€Å"slow† and â€Å"hard† in the kula†¦ (Malinowski, 1961). In this Kula gift exchange the equivalence of the closing gift is left to the giver. What are the mechanisms for ensuring that the partners will honor the obligation to reciprocate? Four mechanisms can be identified. 1. Role of â€Å"intermediary gifts†: if a kula partner cannot repay his partner when the latter visits him, he must reciprocate the opening gift with a smaller gift, and â€Å"intermediary gift†, given in token of good faith, which itself must be reciprocated by his partner. Thus the time interval between receiving the opening gift and reciprocating the closing gift is bridged by a series of smaller gift exchanges between Kula partners. 2. Role of reputation: A kula partner who does not repay a gift will eventually lose his reputation and Kula partners. 3. Role of â€Å"give and take† moral code in which the wealthy man is obligated to share wealth: the higher the rank the greater the obligation 4. Role of public magical rites and ceremonial acts: magical rites and public ceremonial acts always accompany an overseas Kula expedition; these rites and ceremonies â€Å"act indirectly on the mind of ones partner and make him soft, insteady in mind and eager to give kula gifts†. Malinowski also suggested the use of sorcery by a kula trader against the defaulting partner. A third set of rules governs membership in the kula ring. Kula exchange is not free exchange between anonymous parties whenever the opportunity arises. Strict rules govern who can enter the Kula ring. To enter the ring, a man must inherit a kula object and magic from his father or mothers brother. Once he obtains a kula object, he can initiate a kula partnership with his fathers or mothers brothers partners or other partners in the kula ring. Once a kula partnership is established, it is a lifelong partnership and is passed on from generation to generation: â€Å" Once in the kula, always in the kula.† Not all East Papuo-Melanasionans in massim, however, can participate in the Kula ring. For example, ceratin â€Å"inferior† sub-clans in Kiriwana are excluded. A man can have few or many partners depending on his rank. A commoner in the trobriands would have a few partners who lived in nearby islands, whereas a chief would have hundreds of partners distributed over several islands. But there is a geographic limit beyond which no kula traders, not even the most influential chief, has any partnerd and the furthest limits of kula partnership are the same for all the memebers of the kula community. Thus, for example, no man in SIneketa has any partners in Kitiva, and no man in S.E. Dobu or Dobu island has Kila partners in Sineketa. Beyond the geographic limit , however, a kula trader still know the mnames of his indirect partners, i.e. the partnersfo his partners.. Participants of the kula ring regard the kula trade as acircular system (Damon 1983). The pattern of kula exchange is ver comples. The simplest structure of exchange would be one in which: If we were to imagin that in the kkula ring, there are many peopke who have only one partern at each side, the the ring would consist of a lartge number of closed circuits, on each of which the same article swould constantly pass. However, the actual structure of the kula exchange is much more complex since Every small kula man , as a a rule, has on one side or the other, the big one, that is a chief. And every chief plays the part of a shunting –station for kula objects. Having so many partners on each side, he constantly transfers an object from one strand to another. EIGEN TEKST (uit boven staande site ge parafraseert) Structure of intertribal commercial trade Anthropologists that studied Malinowskis account of the Kula ring (Campbell 1983; Dalton 1978); Mauss 1979; Sahlins 1969; Uberoi 1971) , feel that Malinowski underestimated the importance of the economical function of the Kula ring, and the way in which it made commercial exchange much easier. Looking closer at the trade process, it is noted that there is a division and specialization of work. Different parties have different specialties for which they are known (e.g. yams, wooden bowls, pots, sago, canoes, etc.), and there is a certain pattern in the different kinds of those finest products that are exchanged between islands in the Kula ring (e.g. yams from the Trobriands against pots from the Amphletts). MAIN POINTS ACCORDING TO MS KOMTER Its all about relationships, social capital. Kula the ring of power, identity/status Identity confirmed by what you receive Will the kula survive ïÆ'   essay question Right of passage Obligations (inner) Generosity ïÆ'   exoectations of return Magic Role of taking risks ïÆ'   negative more important than positive experiences, dare to be courageous. Going through all shit makes you a man. Classical anthropologists and ethnologists like Malinowski, Mauss and Là ©vi-Strauss studied the origins of social order by focusing at a very concrete habit that appears to be wide-spread in archaic society: the exchange of gifts. The principle of give-and-take, or reciprocity, proves to be the main underlying rule, and it is this principle that fulfills a crucial role in creating social ties, trust and community. The exchange of gifts makes possible other types of exchange: of material and nonmaterial goods, services, help and information. These anthropologists not only described the practices of gift giving in great detail but also pointed to their manifold – social, religious, psychological, esthetical, juridical – functions. The functionalist approach exemplified in the work of Malinowski is echoed in Durkheims views on the functions of mechanical and organic solidarity. From the anthropological studies a greater range of possible motives for solidarity can be dis tilled compared to the studies by sociologists. GOOD QUOTES Levi-Strauss: Goods are not only economic commodities but vehicles and instruments for realities of another order: influence, power, sympathy, status, emotion; and the skillful game of exchange consists of a complex totality of maneuvers, conscious or unconscious, in order to gain security and to fortify ones self against risks incurred through alliances and rivalry. Radin 1971: There is no such thing as a free gift Levi-strauss 1969: Exchanges are peacefully resolved wars and wars are the result of unsuccessful transactions.

Comparing The United Nations and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The United Nations and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization are two different groups, but they affect the world in the same way. They both want to make a difference in today's world, they strive for peace and prosperity, and they work hard to accomplish their goals.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The UN and NATO are similar in the way they are organized. They are each structured into several groups. They both have councils, a Secretary General, and Secretariat. The UN is made up of six organs. They are the council, Secretariat, and International Court of Justice. NATO is made up of the Defense Planning Committee, Nuclear Atlantic Cooperation Council. UN and NATO were both formed after major crises in the world. UN was being formed during and after WWII. In 1944 reps of china, the UK, US, and USSR met at Dumbarton Oaks in Washington, D.C. to plan the peacekeeping Organization. The forming of NATO began years after WWII. Many western leaders saw policies of USSR as threatening. The Berlin blockaid that began in March 1948 led to negotiations between Europe, Canada, and US that resulted in NATO.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  UN and NATO were established in the same decade, four years apart. The UN was established on October 24, 1945 by 521 countries. The North Atlantic Treaty was signed on April 4, 1949 by 12 independent nations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Membership is similar in that the members are countries. UN has 188 member countries, while NATO has 19. The Countries that belong to NATO are Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungry, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom, and the United States. Those countries are also members to the UN. Another similarity between UN and NATO is that all the members are sovereign states. The membership between UN is open to all peace loving states that are able and willing to carry out the duties required by the charter. Both the Security Council and General Assembly must approve applications. If you violate the UN charter in any way, you may be suspended or expelled. Article 10 describes the admission procedures for other nations. New members of the alliance will receive all the rights of membership along with obligations also. In NATO, Participation in Partnership for Peace is the best preparation for states who are interested in becoming NATO members. You don't have to be a member of NATO to... ... has been providing a military there to ensure safety, trying to return displaced persons to their homes, and making an effort to reconcile the armed forces of Bosnia-Croat Federation and the Republika Srpska. NATO also created the Security Cooperation Program (SCP) which helps strengthen stability and promotes reconciliation in the Bosnian community, like the UN,. NATO has also been involved with the complications in Kosovo. In October of 1998, NATO threatened air strikes to force the Milosevic regime in Kosovo to withdraw their forces, help bring an end to the violence, and to let the refugees return to their homes. President Milosevic agreed. The next year, after months of continued threats NATO began to bomb Yugoslavia on March 24th 1999, because Milosevic refused to make peace. The war in Kosovo has killed more than two thousand people and forced more than four hundred thousand from their homes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The United Nations and NATO are two organizations in this world that are working extremely hard to accomplish their goals, one step at a time. Maybe someday, the world will be a peaceful place and well have the United Nations and The North Atlantic Organization to thank for it.

The Causes of the Revolutionary War Essay -- essays research papers

There were many events that took place in the 1760’s and 1770’s that led to the Revolutionary war. During these years the British did many things that upset the colonists. These upset colonists would eventually get sick of all the British ways and fight for their freedom.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many events crucial the Revolutionary War took place in the 1760’s, such as the Sugar Act, Stamp Act, and Declaratory Act. The Sugar Act of 1764 set an import tax on foreign sugar, molasses, and rum entering Britain’s American colonies. Colonial merchants, ship owners, and rum distillers who profited from foreign trade angrily protested the law, but that did little of anything. The Sugar Act was the answer to the British’s question of how to raise revenue for their war debt. Laws had been made before that placed an import tax on sugar, but this was the first time they were seriously enforced. Royal inspectors would search ships, warehouses, and homes for smuggled goods. The Quartering Act of 1765 forced colonists to house and supply British troops. Another important event of the 1760’s was the Stamp Act of 1765. The Stamp Act placed a taxed on all printed matter such as newspapers, advertisements, and playing cards. Many didn’t m ind paying the tax because it was not an extreme amount, it was more about the principle of things. The Stamp Act made people angry because they thought that they should not have to pay taxes on items such as newspapers. The Stamp Act’s purpose was to e...

Lord of the Flies Roger Character Study

Roger is one of the antagonists in the novel, Lord of the Flies, and the decisions that he makes have major impact on the unfolding of the story. He is introduced as a slightly built boy who is shy, secretive and keeps to himself. Rather than let Jack automatically become the leader, Roger suggests that they have a vote. This demonstrates how at the start he was a civilized person who knew what was proper and just to do, rather than simply allowing the loudest voice to get their way. Roger is shown to be a bully as he constantly picks on the littluns by destroying their sandcastles, throwing sand in their eyes and throwing rocks at them. By Rogers own nature he really wanted to hit the boys with the stones but was held back by society’s conditioning of his behavior and as a result missed every time. In the hunt his true sadistic nature is further evidenced by his excessive violence towards the pig. This all demonstrates that he had made a conscious decision to follow Jack rather than Ralph as this allowed him to foster his dark intentions even though he knew that this was morally wrong. He chose to be involved in the frenzy that lead to the brutal murder of Simon and afterwards showed no remorse for his actions. Therefore civilization was being removed as an inhibiting factor and Roger became increasingly more primitive and savage in his behaviour. When Roger hears of Jack’s intentions to beat Wilfred he hurries back to the tribe so that he can torture him himself, showing the further lost of any control society once had on him. When he was looking down at Piggy from his vantage point at Castle Rock, his only thoughts about Piggy were that he was a â€Å"bag of fat†, highlighting Rogers’s now clearly evident complete lack of empathy for others. By this stage Roger is well and truly a savage with no more restraints of civilization and because of this he gave into his sadistic urges and pushed the boulder off the cliff, killing Piggy. In dealing with newly captive Sam and Eric, Roger asserts authority through violence and forces them to join the tribe and tell him of Ralph’s whereabouts, expressing his disregard for conventional authority. The next day Roger sets out with Jack on the hunt for Ralph with the intention of killing him and impaling him so that he can offer him to the Beast. At this point Roger exemplifies the complete breakdown of the boys’ behaviour from a civilized Christian background to a Pagan tribe. However he is stopped utterly in his tracks when the naval officer appears and he is dragged back to reality. In a flash the sight of a representative of civilisation from a screaming savage and has brought back all the memories of humanity. Rogers’s decisions reflect how his character gradually disintegrated under the breakdown of order. To me Roger is a despicable and reprehensible character who illustrates the worst aspects of humanity.

Coffee Consumption in China

China's entry into the WTO on December 11, 2001 accelerated the movement toward a market-oriented economy, open up our new markets for foreigners and invest more into foreign market,which further influences Chinese lifestyle. We can see the change from driving habit to the drinking habit. For example, China has traditionally been a tea-drinking nation. However,the global spread of coffee-houses is touching down in China, with coffee consumption increasing year after year. It is estimated that the number could jump to 400,000 tones by 2012. The large number of consumers, which influences the coffee consumption, are returnees. As the fast pace of globalization in China, the increasing number of Chinese go to study or work abroad each year. When they return to China , they will carry on living in coffee, which they have become accustomed to. Visiting cafes and drinking coffee at breakfast is not a novelty for these consumers. One will find many Starbucks outlet on the streets of China. Foreign ex-pats comprise another proportion of coffee consumers in China. China’s open market has attracted substantial foreign investment, which has led to rapid increase in the number of ex-pats. Shanghai’s official statistics show that the number of Taiwanese living in Shanghai for short periods (at least three months) is estimated at 230,000. The figure is expected to increase each year. Ex-pats are at the high-end of coffee consumption and are also regular patrons of cafes. It is reported that Westerners and businessmen from Hong Kong and Taiwan represent 30% of customers at chained cafes. (1) A unique aspect of coffee usage in China is that coffee beans are also used as a medicine to treat chornic disoders such as cirrhosis of liver and gallstones. Since the Chinese have realized the medicinal value of coffee and more research is being done to produce medicines, the import of coffee beans from Brazil and Ethiopia has grown manifold in the last couple of year.

Analysis of Strategic Alliances or Value Opportunities Part II Assignment

Analysis of Strategic Alliances or Value Opportunities Part II - Assignment Example Out of the rush to complete the process, we quickly went into a merger with the company, only to realize later that the company was involved in a huge debt that we had to incur. This made it impossible for us to experience any growth and profitability from the alliance turned merger. I therefore share the position that alliance leads to profitability but it ought to be a strategic one (Kaplan, Norton & Rugelsjoen, 2010). Â  Indeed it will be no act of over elaboration for me to say that your post is one of the most insightful I have ever read. This is because of the way you approach the subject of business strategic planning from a holistic perspective. In fact I perfectly agree with you on the point that most modern day business executives have only looked at business strategies from a myopic perspective where they fail to appreciate the place and importance of overall success. Instead, they tend to be content with reaching their quota and meeting service levels. Meanwhile, as the global business climate becomes highly competitive, it is important that businesses factor in the core issues of competitive growth rather than individual growth. To do this, it is important for businesses to take advantage of the concept of strategic alliance in finding as many global benchmarks with whom they can form alliances with and partner for growth (Grayson,

Stem Cell Rubric Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Stem Cell Rubric - Research Paper Example However, there are certain advantages in using embryonic stem cells (ESC) that the others still cannot provide. Unlike ESC that are known to come from pre-implanted embryos, the source of ASC is still to be discovered. By some reason still unknown to researchers, ESC proliferate and remain undifferentiated for a year longer than ASC do. In addition, ESC have the potential to differentiate into all cell types of the body, while ASC can only differentiate into the cell types of its tissue of origin. Also, it is much easier to increase the number of ESC than that of ASC (National Institutes of Health, 2009). For example, if it is hematopoietic ASC, then it can only be induced to form blood cells. However, despite the seemingly more advantageous ESC, ASC are believed to induce less graft transplantation reaction, as it can be derived from the patients themselves (National Institutes of Health, 2009). Benefits of Stem Cell Research Arguably, the most important benefit of stem cell researc h is the use of these cells in stem cell transplantation therapy. In fact, for 40 years already, hematopoietic or blood-forming ASC from bone marrow have been used in transplants to cure health conditions such as leukemia (National Institutes of Health, 2009). ... It is important to develop therapies for these illnesses, especially cancer and cardiovascular diseases, as these occupy the top of the list of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Aside from that, further stem cell research (SCR) paves the way for more discoveries, such as the regulating factors behind stem cell proliferation and self-renewal. These factors, in the future, may be used in the regeneration of destroyed tissues, such as that in myocardial infarction, one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States. In addition, these pluripotent cells can provide a better observation of human development from embryo to infancy. This then may lead to researches on the abnormal cellular development, as seen in physical birth defects, genetic abnormalities and cancer. Large amount of cells grown in vivo from stem cells may also be used in easier and safer testing of drug safety and effectiveness (Johnson and Williams, 2006). Disadvantages of Stem Cell Research Whic h Lives to Save Despite the many scientific advancements contributed by stem cell research, many still argue against it. One argument reasons that the fertilized eggs used in SCR are already alive, and thus it is not right to take someone else’s life, no matter for what purpose. Partly causing such conflict stems from the fact that until now, there is no specific age of gestation at which life has been pinpointed to start at. The Health Risk of Stem Cell Therapy Another argument against SCR claims that the chemical and biological factors used to manipulate the cells in vivo can cause adverse effects once the resulting specialized cells from them are transplanted to humans for therapy. For example, viruses from the

Making of Narco State in Afghanistan Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Making of Narco State in Afghanistan - Article Example To many, the United States led invasion of Afghanistan to topple Taliban's rule of the country were seen as aggression designed to get back to the international terrorist who staged the 9/11 attacks on Twin Towers of New York World Trade Center. But studying the background of the Talibans even the more objective mind might justly the US led coalition action against Afghanistan. First, it has become the breeding ground for international terrorist who do no have regard at all to human life, human rights and human dignity. As a matter of fact, even Afghan citizens particularly women were victims of bodily abuses, economic deprivation and injustice, corruption and so forth. This paper deals with the historical and cultural concept and influence of tribalism in their country, as well as its effect in the rise of the world's perception that Afghanistan is becoming a Narco State. In 1960s, Afghanistan was monarchial with the king and his relatives "dominated the central government," according to Microsoft Encarta. But in 1963, a prime minister was appointed for the first time outside the "royal family in order to distance the monarchy from policy-making" (Encarta). However, the administration of the new prime minister had experienced many conflicts; a series of coup ahs brought into power the Mujahidin Government. According to report made by Afghanistan Assessment, the new government is faced with "immense economic problems, including serious food and fuel shortages, a collapsed industrial sector, a severely damaged infrastructure, the difficulties of refugees returning to their ravaged farms and field studied with mines and high inflation." Prior to the 1973 Coup d' etat, Afghanistan has been beneficiaries from both East and West; both the United States of America and the Soviet Union built an international air part in Kabot and Kandahar respectively. But the 1973 coup d' etat had not only had some effect on Afghanistan but also foreign powers' attitude to domestic and political forces in Afghanistan. When the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in December 1979, the Soviet installed Karmal as President, yet his regime was continuously plagued by civil wars, and constantly disrupted by anti-government guerilla forces; the Mujahiden depriving the government of authority over large areas of the countryside. Though poorly armed at first, they soon began to receive supplies mainly from Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, the United States of America and China, which later helped them overthrow the existing government. According to Mohsen Makhmalbaf, during the early years, Afghanistan was "ruled by tribes." These tribes had each leader that a single leader coming from one tribe may not be acceptable. So they formed Tribal Federalism known as "loya Jirga." Makhmalbaf stressed that since then until now, "a more just and appropriate form of governing has not emerged in Afghanistan." Same author added further that the Loya Jirga system shows that "Afghanistan has never evolved economically form an agricultural existence." It has never moved beyond tribal rule and failed to achieve a sense of nationalism. He also pointed out that in Afghanistan each Afghan is Pashtun (the most dominant tribe), Hazareh,

Employee Perception On Commitment Oriented Work Systems Article

Employee Perception On Commitment Oriented Work Systems - Article Example The research attempted to identify the relationship between employee trust or loyalty to managers and employee’s in-role and extra-role performance in comparison with that of organizational commitment in the organizations. Due to the increased popularity of the idea of employee commitment, researchers in this study turned their attention to multiple commitments in that in addition to the organizations as a focus of commitment, other important factors such as management, performance, and occupation were incorporated in the study. There are several theories included in this study. For instance, McGregor’s’ theoretical differentiation between theory X and theory Y has been applied. Theory X shows employees dislike work, lack motivation; avoid work and external motivation such as punishment is used as a way of motivation. This, in turn, results in poor performance. Theory Y, on the other hand, states that poor performance cannot be attributed to human nature but to a n imperfect work system. Therefore, managers should realize that employees want self-control, self-direction, seeks and accepts responsibility. In turn, Theory X calls for use of a commitment oriented work system. The theory advocates for a universal employee preference for autonomy, self-control, and responsibility. Thus, an effective commitment HR system should fit these assumptions better than the control HR system. The experimental design in this study relied on variables such type of work and type of contract. These variables were efficient in that they presented the relationship that exists in the workplace when an employee knows the kind of work he or she does. The problem with this design is that it relied more on primary data. In this case, the results cannot be effective since it involves individual response. In addition, validity was jeopardized by experimental procedures, pretesting and differential selection among employees of the organization.

Human Resources Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Human Resources - Case Study Example Managers can use this form to review the performance level of accountants in creating a trust work environment. Cipolla (102) reveals that feedback can be demoralizing in case they are negative. Therefore, when completing the evaluation, human resource managers should create an employee development plan that will lead employees towards achieving developmental goals. Organization leaders in the company can use the 360-degree management tool in determining the behavior of accountants and their competency skills, work requirements and performance objectives. These among the essential issues addressed in a company because they are beneficial issues in the performance evaluation process. Organization management would use the 360-degree tool in evaluating the way accountants perceive their engineering work. They can also examine the competency skills such as project planning, object settings, and effective teamwork or leadership. This is crucial because it will enable the HR managers to im plement effective strategies for improving the overall performance level.

Imposing consumption tax on Saudi consumers and its contribution in promoting economic growth Essay Example for Free

Imposing consumption tax on Saudi consumers and its contribution in promoting economic growth Essay Introduction Saudi economy mostly relies on oil industry and its government has much control over natural resources and main economic activities in the land.   Ultimately, the economy of Saudi is centrally planned and therefore has free market economy. As it can be affirmed, oil industry contributes to approximately 45% of the total budget revenue hence making it imperative to the growth of the country. Till now, Saudi Arabia does not think that there is any need for consumption tax however, the country may face many problems in the future what may affect the economy if the oil dry out.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A recent analysis from Citigroup has raised the alarming possibility that Saudi Arabia might become a net oil importer by 2030[Could Saudi Arabia’s Oil Exports Dry Up?, 2012]. However, in order to Find a Solutions to contribute in raising Saudi Arabia economy for long run, and Focusing in another source rather than oil.   In order to maintain economic stability, we want to study the possibility of imposing consumption tax beside zakat on Saudi consumers and how it will contribute in promoting economic growth. Basic concept According to the dictionary, Zakat iscalled (Islamic tax) or (religious tax), it is an annual tax on Muslims comprising percentages of personal income of every kind to aid the poor in the Muslim community.[zakat] Research aim The research aim is to determine the possibility of imposing consumption tax on Saudi consumers beside zakat and how it will contribute in promoting economic growth Sub problems; 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   How consumption tax contributes in promoting economic growth. A)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Why consumption tax. B)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mechanism of economic growth. C)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Identify mechanism of promoting economic growth by consumption tax. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚   The possibility of imposing consumption tax on Saudi consumer. A)  Ã‚  Ã‚   Analyze tax system for promoting economic growth. B)  Ã‚  Ã‚   Analyze Zakat system for promoting economic growth. C)  Ã‚  Ã‚   Compare (a) and (b) to determine the possibility of imposing consumption tax (the importance or how valuable is the consumption tax). 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Determine the possibility of using consumption tax for promoting economic growth of Saudi Arabia. Research Objectives As noted in the above information, the main aim or purpose of conducting this research is to investigate the possibility of imposing consumption tax on Saudi consumers beside zakat and how it will contribute in promoting economic growth. The following information provides the objectives and research questions for the study. Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  To determine the importance of tax particularly in promoting the growth of economy Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚      To analyze all best and possible means of imposing consumption tax on Saudi consumer Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚     To determine the possibility of using consumption tax for promoting economic growth of Saudi Arabia Hypothesis Various studies conducted on consumption tax have revealed that consumption tax has a major effect on the country’s economic activities which can greatly affect economic growth, so in this paper we investigate how consumption tax contributes in promoting economic growth. We hypothesized that imposing consumption tax contributes in promoting the growth of Saudi Arabia’s economy. We also hypothesized that the difference between tax system and zakat system will contribute in determine the importance of the consumption tax. Literature review Essentially, previous research indicates a close relationship between introduction of consumption tax and economic growth in a country. Many economists argue that imposing a consumption tax implies increase in government revenue and thus increase in the country GDP which is essential in reflecting the country’s economic growth. There are limited studies tried to identify the relationship between tax structures and economic growth, Here is some of the related literature:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Arnold, J. (2008) has focused in studying and analyzing  Ã‚   the relationship between tax structures and economic growth by enteringindicators of the tax structure into a set of panel growth regressions for 21 OECD countries; he found the following results: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Income taxes are associated with significantly lower economic growth and lower levels of GDP per capita than consumption tax and property tax. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Respectively, property taxes, and particularly recurrent taxes on immovable property, then consumption taxassociated with the highest levels of GDP per capita. Therefore, these taxes are the most growth friendly taxes in economic growth. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Corporate income taxes have morenegative effects on GDPthan personal income tax. In general, the relationship between the income taxes and growth is negative relation. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The progressivity of income taxes and growth are negatively related. Also, Widmalm (2001), Padovano and Galli (2002) studied the relationship between progressivity of income taxes and economic growth in 25 countries, they reached the same result, the progressivity of income taxes and economic growth are negatively related. Various studies conducted on consumption tax have revealed that consumption tax has a major effect on the country’s economic activities which can greatly affect economic growth. Brys (2010) in his book ‘OECD Tax Policy Studies Tax Policy Reform and Economic Growth’ outlines the various effects consumer tax can have on economic activities of a country.In the book, he states that consumer tax will affect employment and working hours, affect international trade and regulate the activities of the underground economy. Brys continues to state that differentiated consumer tax will encourage people to work, lead to a yield in environmental benefits and reduce inequalities in income. When all these factors are brought together, economic activities of a country are likely to be affected in various ways. Methodology Research approach A good research is the one that provides answers to the research questions, validity, objectivity, accuracy, and economy. A research design is the plan and structure of investigation to obtain answers to research questions. The study adopted a qualitative survey structure. Qualitative research is also adopted since it investigates the social constructivist paradigm and relies on the socially constructed reality nature.   It aims to fundamentally record, analyze as well as determine the significance and meaning of imposing consumption tax on Saudi consumers and its contribution in promoting economic growth. The approach is not initially based on any data to be compared but on the perceptions of those who have experience and knowledge based on consumption tax and its potential in enhancing economic growth of a country. The qualitative research approach here supports positivism whereby although there is no data to be compared as part of quantitative research, the fundamental construct of the research is based on a reality that cannot be changed. The type of this study requires to use qualitative research, in this study we will gathering data from the past studies related to our theme (about the effect of tax on economic growth and then, we will analyses this data And weight all the Pros and Cons, advantage and disadvantage of all type of taxes and decide which type is best for the growth of the economy. We will analyze both of tax system and zakat system and their relation with economic growth, then comparing both system and find the similarities and difference between them. Then study those differences and find solutions that may contribute in the economic growth of Saudi Arabia. Data analysis and discussion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The raw materials were collected in a systematically organized manner that facilitates the analysis. To permit qualitative analysis, the data received was edited to ensure completeness, consistency, and uniformity before being analyzed to make it meaningful information regarding the study theme which is implications of imposing consumption tax in Saudi Arabia. Collectively the data analyzed enables the study to establish the relationship of consumption tax and economic growth. References Brys, B., Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.(2010). Tax policy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   reform and economic growth. Paris: OECD. Could Saudi Arabia’s Oil Exports Dry Up? (2012Ã¥ ¹ ´octoberæÅ"ˆ3æâ€" ¥). Ã¥ â€šÃ§â€¦ §Ã¥â€¦Ë†: nvesting daily:http://www.investingdaily.com/15734/could-saudi-arabias-oil-exports-dry-up almohainykhaledmohammed. (2003). The role of the tax in the process of economic and social development. Damascus University Journal , Volume 19 Issue II. zakat. (æâ€" ¥Ã¤ »ËœÃ¤ ¸ Ã¦ËœÅ½). Ã¥ â€šÃ§â€¦ §Ã¥â€¦Ë†: dictionary: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/zakat Arnold, J. (2008), â€Å"Do Tax Structures Affect Aggregate Economic Growth?: Empirical   Ã‚   Evidence from a Panel of OECD Countries†, OECD Economics Department   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Working Papers, No. 643, OECD Publishing. Bleaney, M.F.; N. Gemmell and R. Kneller (2001), â€Å"Testing the Endogenous Growth   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Model: Public Expenditure, Taxation and Growth Over the Long-Run†, Canadian   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Journal of Economics, Vol. 34(1), pp. 36-57. Schwellnus, C. and J. Arnold (2008), â€Å"Do Corporate Taxes Reduce Productivity and Investment at the Firm Level? Cross-country Evidence from the Amadeus Dataset†, OECD Economics Department Working Papers, forthcoming.